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Angular Developer Roadmap

Authors
Written by :
Name
Vinay Kumar

Overview

Everything that is there to learn about Angular and the ecosystem.

Level 1: HTML Basics

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used on the frontend and gives the structure to the webpage which you can style using CSS and make interactive using JavaScript.

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Basics

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used on the frontend and gives the structure to the webpage which you can style using CSS and make interactive using JavaScript.

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Semantic HTML

Semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer. In HTML, semantic element are the type of elements that can be used to define different parts of a web page such as <form>, <table>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, etc.

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Forms and Validations

Before submitting data to the server, it is important to ensure all required form controls are filled out, in the correct format. This is called client-side form validation, and helps ensure data submitted matches the requirements set forth in the various form controls.

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Accessibility

Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed in such a way that people with disabilities can use them easily.

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SEO Basics

SEO or Search Engine Optimization is the technique used to optimize your website for better rankings on search engines such as Google, Bing etc.

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Best Practices

Learn to follow the best practices for writing maintainable and scalable HTML documents.

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Level 2: CSS Basics

CSS or Cascading Style Sheets is the language used to style the frontend of any website. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.

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Basics

CSS or Cascading Style Sheets is the language used to style the frontend of any website. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.

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Layouts

Float, grid, flexbox, positioning, display and box model are some of the key topics that are used for making layouts. Use the resources below to learn about these topics:

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Responsive Designs

Responsive Web Designing is the technique to make your webpages look good on all screen sizes. There are certain techniques used to achieve that e.g. CSS media queries, percentage widths, min or max widths heights etc.

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Level 3: Javascript Basics

JavaScript allows you to add interactivity to your pages. Common examples that you may have seen on the websites are sliders, click interactions, popups and so on.

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Syntax and Basic Construct

JavaScript allows you to add interactivity to your pages. Common examples that you may have seen on the websites are sliders, click interactions, popups and so on.

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DOM Manipulation

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface built for HTML and XML documents. It represents the page that allows programs and scripts to dynamically update the document structure, content, and style. With DOM, we can easily access and manipulate tags, IDs, classes, attributes, etc.

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Fetch API

Ajax is the technique that lets us send and receive the data asynchronously from the servers e.g. updating the user profile or asynchronously fetching the list of searched products without reloading the page.

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ECMAScript

ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015 is a significant update to the JavaScript programming language. It is the first major update to the language since ES5 which was standardized in 2009. You should look at the features introduced with ES6 and onwards.

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Concepts

Learn and understand the concepts such as Hoisting, Event Bubbling, Scope, Prototype, Shadow DOM and strict.

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Level 4: Typescript Basics

In order to enter into the world of Angular application development, typescript is necessary and it is the primary language here. Typescript is a superset of JavaScript. It comes with design-time support which is useful for type safety and tooling. Since browsers cannot execute the TypeScript directly, it will be "Transpiled" into JavaScript using the tsc compiler.

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What is Typescript?

TypeScript is a strongly typed, object-oriented, compiled programming language that builds on JavaScript. It is a superset of the JavaScript language, designed to give you better tooling at any scale. TypeScript calls itself “JavaScript with syntax for types.” In short, it is JavaScript with some additional features. The secret to the success of TypeScript is in the type checking, ensuring that the data flowing through the program is of the correct kind of data.

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Why use Typescript?

TypeScript extends JavaScript, providing a better developer experience. The benefits of using TypeScript over JavaScript include.Static typing - TypeScript comes with optional static typing and a type inference system, which means that a variable declared with no type may be inferred by TypeScript based on its value. Object-oriented programming - TypeScript supports object-oriented programming concepts like classes, inheritance, etc. Compile time checks - JavaScript is an interpreted programming language. There is no compilation involved. Hence, the errors get caught during the runtime. Since TypeScript compiles into JavaScript, errors get reported during the compile time rather than the runtime. Code editor support - IDEs or code editors like VS Code support autocomplete for a TypeScript codebase. They also provide inline documentation and highlight the errors. Use existing packages - You might want to use an npm package written in JavaScript. Since TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript, you can import and use that package. Moreover, the TypeScript community creates and maintains type definitions for popular packages that can be utilized in your project.

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Structural Typing

Type compatibility in TypeScript is based on structural subtyping. Structural typing is a way of relating types based solely on their members. This is in contrast with nominal typing.

TypeScript's structural type system was designed based on how JavaScript code is typically written. Because JavaScript widely uses anonymous objects like function expressions and object literals, it's much more natural to represent the relationships found in JavaScript libraries with a structural type system instead of a nominal one.

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Type Interface

In TypeScript, several places where type inference is used to provide type information when there is no explicit type annotation. The type of the x variable is inferred to be a number. This inference occurs when variables and members are initialized, set parameter default values are, and determine function return types. For example, let x: number. In most cases, type inference is straightforward. In the following sections, we'll explore some nuances in how types are inferred. For example, let x: (number | null)[]

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Union Types

In TypeScript, we can define a variable that can have multiple types of values. In other words, TypeScript can combine one or two types of data (i.e., number, string, etc.) in a single type, a union type. Union types are a powerful way to express a variable with multiple types. Two or more data types can be combined using the pipe ('|') symbol between the types. For example, (type1 | type2 | type3 |. | typeN).

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Builtin Types

The Builtin types represent the different types of values supported by the language. The builtin types check the validity of the supplied values before they are stored or manipulated by the program. This ensures that the code behaves as expected. The Builtin types further allow for richer code hinting and automated documentation too.

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Type Guard

A type guard is a TypeScript technique used to get information about the type of a variable, usually within a conditional block. Type guards are regular functions that return a boolean, taking a type and telling TypeScript if it can be narrowed down to something more specific. Type guards have the unique property of assuring that the value tested is of a set type depending on the returned boolean. TypeScript uses built-in JavaScript operators like typeof, instanceof, and the in operator, which is used to determine if an object contains a property. Type guards enable you to instruct the TypeScript compiler to infer a specific type for a variable in a particular context, ensuring that the type of an argument is what you say it is. Type guards are typically used for narrowing a type and are pretty similar to feature detection, allowing you to detect the correct methods, prototypes, and properties of a value. Therefore, you can quickly figure out how to handle that value.

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Level 5: RxJS Basics

Reactive Extensions for JavaScript, or RxJS, is a reactive library used to implement reactive programming to deal with async implementation, callbacks, and event-based programs.

The reactive paradigm can be used in many different languages through the use of reactive libraries. These libraries are downloaded APIs that provide functionalities for reactive tools like observers and operators. It can be used in your browser or with Node.js.

Observable Patterns

The observer pattern is a software design pattern in which an object, named the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers, and notifies them automatically of any state changes, usually by calling one of their methods.

Angular uses the Observer pattern which simply means - Observable objects are registered, and other objects observe (in Angular using the subscribe method) them and take action when the observable object is acted on in some way.

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Observable Lifecycle

An observable is a function that acts as a wrapper for a data stream. They support passing messages inside your application. An observable is useless until an observer subscribes to it. An observer is an object which consumes the data emitted by the observable. An observer keeps receiving data values from the observable until the observable is completed, or the observer unsubscribes from the observable. Otherwise observers can receive data values from the observable continuously and asynchronously. So we can perform various operations such as updating the user interface, or passing the JSON response.

There are 4 stages for a life cycle of an observable.

  • Creation
  • Subscription
  • Execution
  • Destruction

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Marble Diagram

Marble testing allows you to test asynchronous RxJS code synchronously and step-by-step with the help of RxJS TestScheduler test utility and using virtual time steps.

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RxJs vs Promises

In a nutshell, the main differences between the Promise and the Observable are as follows:

  • The Promise is eager, whereas the Observable is lazy,
  • The Promise is always asynchronous, while the Observable can be either asynchronous or synchronous,
  • The Promise can provide a single value, whereas the Observable is a stream of values (from 0 to multiple values), you can apply RxJS operators to the Observable to get a new tailored stream.

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RxJs Operators

RxJS is mostly useful for its operators, even though the Observable is the foundation. Operators are the essential pieces that allow complex asynchronous code to be easily composed in a declarative manner.

Operators are functions. There are two kinds of operators:

Pipeable Operators are the kind that can be piped to Observables using the syntax observableInstance.pipe(operator()). These include, filter(…), and mergeMap(…). When called, they do not change the existing Observable instance. Instead, they return a new Observable, whose subscription logic is based on the first Observable.

A Pipeable Operator is essentially a pure function which takes one Observable as input and generates another Observable as output. Subscribing to the output Observable will also subscribe to the input Observable.

Creation Operators are the other kind of operator, which can be called as standalone functions to create a new Observable. For example: of(1, 2, 3) creates an observable that will emit 1, 2, and 3, one right after another. Creation operators will be discussed in more detail in a later section.

  • Piping Pipeable operators are functions, so they could be used like ordinary functions: op()(obs) - but in practice, there tend to be many of them convolved together, and quickly become unreadable: op4()(op3()(op2()(op1()(obs)))). For that reason, Observables have a method called .pipe() that accomplishes the same thing while being much easier to read: obs.pipe(op1(), op2(), op3(), op4());

  • Creation Operators What are creation operators? Distinct from pipeable operators, creation operators are functions that can be used to create an Observable with some common predefined behavior or by joining other observables.

    A typical example of a creation operator would be the interval function. It takes a number (not an Observable) as input argument, and produces an Observable as output:

    import { interval } from 'rxjs';
const observable = interval(1000 /* number of milliseconds */);

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Level 6: Angular CLI

The Angular CLI is a command-line interface tool that you use to initialize, develop, scaffold, and maintain Angular applications directly from a command shell. we can install angular latest CLI using the following command

npm install -g @angular/cli

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AngularJs vs Angular

AngularJS was the older version of Angular, whose support officially ended in January 2022. Angular is a component-based front-end development framework built on TypeScript, which includes a collection of well-integrated libraries that include features like routing, forms management, client-server communication, and more.

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ng build

The command can be used to build a project of type ar Official Website](https://angular.io/guide/interpolation)“application” or “library”. When used to build a library, a different builder is invoked, and only the ts-config, configuration, and watch options are applied. All other options apply only to building applications.

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ng serve

ng serve - This command builds, deploy, serves and every time watches your code changes. if find any change in code it builds and serves that code automatically. How do Angular builds? After coding our Angular apps using TypeScript, we use the Angular CLI command to build the app.

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ng generate

ng generate is used to create the component in angular project. These are the two main ways to generate a new component in Angular:

using ng g c <component_name>, and using ng generate component <component_name>.

Using either of these two commands, the new component can be generated pretty easily and followed by the suitable component name of your choice.

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ng test

ng test is used to runs unit tests in angular project.

ng test <project> [options] | ng t <project> [options]

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ng e2e

End-to-end testing (E2E) of Angular applications is performed using the Protractor testing framework, which is created by the Angular team themselves. Protractor can perform end to end tests on Angular applications that are running in a real browser by interacting with it, similar to that of an end-user.

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ng new

ng new [name]

That's the default usage of the command and creating a new project folder with name. The project which is created in that folder is containing:

The default Angular project, All dependencies installed in node_modules folder, Testing files for each components

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Level 7: Angular Framework

Angular is a strong front-end JavaScript framework which means that it enforces a certain style of application development and project structure that developers need to follow to develop apps with Angular. However, it also offers enough flexibility to allow you to structure your project in an understandable and manageable manner.

In this module, we will have a look at some of the most basic concepts that you need to understand before diving into the framework with more advanced concepts.

Schematics

A schematic is a template-based code generator that supports complex logic. It is a set of instructions for transforming a software project by generating or modifying code.

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Components

Components are the main building block for Angular applications. Each component consists of:

  • An HTML template that declares what renders on the page
  • A TypeScript class that defines the behavior
  • A CSS selector that defines how the component is used in a template
  • Optionally, CSS styles applied to the template

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Templates

A Template is a form of HTML which tells Angular to go towards another component. To create many Angular features, special syntax within the templates is used.

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Following are the main concepts of templates:

  1. Interpolation Interpolation refers to embedding expressions into marked up text. By default, interpolation uses the double curly braces {{ and }} as delimiters. Angular replaces currentCustomer with the string value of the corresponding component property.

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  2. Property Binding Property binding helps you set values for properties of HTML elements or directives. To bind to an element's property, enclose it in square brackets [] which causes Angular to evaluate the right-hand side of the assignment as a dynamic expression.

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  3. Template Statements Template statements are methods or properties that you can use in your HTML to respond to user events. With template statements, your application can engage users through actions such as displaying dynamic content or submitting forms. Enclose the event in () which causes Angular to evaluate the right hand side of the assignment as one or more template statements chained together using semicolon ;.

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  4. Binding data props attr event In an Angular template, a binding creates a live connection between view and the model and keeps them both in sync.

    • property: helps you set values for properties of HTML elements or directives.
    • attributes: helps you set values for attributes of HTML elements directly.
    • event: lets you listen for and respond to user actions such as keystrokes, mouse movements, clicks, and touches.
    • data: It's a combination of property and event binding and helps you share data between components.

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  5. Reference Vars Template reference variables help you use data from one part of a template in another part of the template. A template variable can refer to a DOM element within a template, component or directive. In the template, use the hash symbol, #, to declare a template reference variable.

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  6. @Input @Output @Input() and @Output() give a child component a way to communicate with its parent component. @Input() lets a parent component update data in the child component. Conversely, @Output() lets the child send data to a parent component.

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Modules

Modules in Angular act like a container where we can group the components, directives, pipes, and services related to the application.

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Dependency Injection

Dependency Injection is one of the fundamental concepts in Angular. DI is wired into the Angular framework and allows classes with Angular decorators, such as Components, Directives, Pipes, and Injectables, to configure dependencies that they need.

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Services

Services let you define code or functionalities that are then accessible and reusable in many other components in the Angular project. It also helps you with the abstraction of logic and data that is hosted independently but can be shared across other components.

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Routing

Routing in Angular allows the users to create a single-page application with multiple views and allows navigation between them.

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  1. Router Outlets The router-outlet is a directive that's available from the @angular/router package and is used by the router to mark where in a template, a matched component should be inserted.

    Thanks to the router outlet, your app will have multiple views/pages and the app template acts like a shell of your application. Any element you add to the shell will be rendered in each view, only the part marked by the router outlet will be changed between views.

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  2. Router Links In Angular, routerLink when applied to an element in a template, makes that element a link that initiates navigation to a route. Navigation opens one or more routed components in one or more <router-outlet> locations on the page.

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  3. Router Events The Angular Router raises events when it navigates from one route to another route. It raises several events such as NavigationStart, NavigationEnd, NavigationCancel, NavigationError, ResolveStart, etc. You can listen to these events and find out when the state of the route changes. Some of the useful events are route change start (NavigationStart) and route change end (NavigationEnd).

  4. Guards Angular route guards are interfaces provided by Angular which, when implemented, allow us to control the accessibility of a route based on conditions provided in class implementation of that interface. Some types of angular guards are CanActivate, CanActivateChild, CanLoad, CanDeactivate and Resolve.

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  5. Lazy Loading Lazy loading is a technique in Angular that allows you to load JavaScript components asynchronously when a specific route is activated. It improves the application load time speed by splitting the application into several bundles. The bundles are loaded as required when the user navigates through the app.

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Forms

Forms are used to handle user inputs in many applications. It enables users from entering sensitive information to performing several data entry tasks.

Angular provides two approaches to handle user inputs trough forms: reactive and template-driven forms.

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  1. Reactive Forms Reactive Forms in angular are those which are used to handle the inputs coming from the user. We can define controls by using classes such as FormGroup and FormControl.

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  2. Template Driven Forms A Template driven form is the simplest form we can build in Angular. It is mainly used for creating simple form applications.

    It uses two-way data-binding (ngModel) to create and handle the form components.

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Built in Directives

SKDirectives are classes that add additional behavior to elements in your Angular applications. Use Angular's built-in directives to manage forms, lists, styles, and what users see.

NgClass Adds and removes a set of CSS classes. | NgStyle Adds and removes a set of HTML styles. | NgModel Adds two-way data binding to an HTML form element.

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Built in Pipes

Use pipes to transform strings, currency amounts, dates, and other data for display. Pipes are simple functions to use in template expressions to accept an input value and return a transformed value. Pipes are useful because you can use them throughout your application, some common pipes are:

DatePipe | UpperCasePipe | LowerCasePipe | CurrencyPipe | DecimalPipe | PercentPipe

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Change Detection

Change detection is the process through which Angular checks to see whether your application state has changed, and if any DOM needs to be updated. At a high level, Angular walks your components from top to bottom, looking for changes. Angular runs its change detection mechanism periodically so that changes to the data model are reflected in an application's view. Change detection can be triggered either manually or through an asynchronous event

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Lifecycle Hooks

A component instance has a lifecycle that starts when Angular instantiates the component class and renders the component view along with its child views. The life cycle continues with change detection, as Angular checks to see when data-bound properties change, and updates both the view and the component instance as needed. The lifecycle ends when Angular destroys the component instance and removes its rendered template from the DOM. Directives have a similar life cycle, as Angular creates, updates, and destroys instances in the course of execution.

Your application can use lifecycle hook methods to tap into key events in the lifecycle of a component or directive to initialize new instances, initiate change detection when needed, respond to updates during change detection, and clean up before deletion of instances.

The following life cycle hooks of angular are : OnChanges, OnInit, DoCheck, OnDestroy, AfterContentInit, AfterContentChecked, AfterViewInit, AfterViewChecked

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State Management

Application state management is the process of maintaining knowledge of an application's inputs across multiple related data flows that form a complete business transaction - or a session - to understand the condition of the app at any given moment. In computer science, an input is information put into the program by the user and state refers to the condition of an application according to its stored inputs - saved as variables or constants. State can also be described as the collection of preserved information that forms a complete session.

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  1. Ngxs Ngxs is a state management pattern for the Angular framework. It acts as a single source of truth for our application. Ngxs is very simple and easily implementable. It reduces lots of boilerplate code. It is a replacement for Ngrx. In Ngrx we are creating state, action, reducer, and effects but in Ngxs, we are creating only state and actions instead of all of this. Like Ngrx, Ngxs is also asynchronous and when we dispatch any action we can get a response back.

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  2. Ngrx Ngrx is a group of Angular libraries for reactive extensions that implements the Redux pattern and it's supercharged with RXJS.

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Level 8: CSS Framework

A CSS framework provides the user with a fully functional CSS stylesheet, allowing them to create a web page by simply coding the HTML with appropriate classes, structure, and IDs. Classes for popular website features like the footer, slider, navigation bar, hamburger menu, column-based layouts, and so on are already included in the framework.

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Material UI

Material-UI is an open-source framework that features Angular components that implement Google's Material Design.

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Quickly design and customize responsive mobile-first sites with Bootstrap, the world's most popular front-end open source toolkit, featuring Sass variables and mixins, responsive grid system, extensive pre-built components, and powerful JavaScript plugins.

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NgBootstrap

Angular widgets built from the ground up using Bootstrap 5 CSS with APIs designed for the Angular ecosystem.

PrimeNg

Consists of a diverse collection of over 70 different UI components. From native widgets to pre-built themes, it has a lot to offer if you are considering Angular for web development. PrimeNG makes it very easy for you to add components like menus, form inputs, overlays, charts, etc. to the front end of your web application. The widgets of the PrimeNG Angular framework are all open-source and you can use them under the MIT license.

Level 9: API Calls

APIs, short for Application Programming Interfaces, are software-to-software interfaces. Meaning, they allow different applications to talk to each other and exchange information or functionality. This allows businesses to access another business's data, piece of code, software, or services in order to extend the functionality of their own products - all while saving time and money. There are several options available to make API calls from your Angular application.

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Level 10: Testing Your Application

In any software development process, Testing the application plays a vital role. If Bugs and crashes are not figured out and solved they can defame the development company as well as hurt the clients too. But, Angular's architecture comes with built-in testability features. As soon as you create a new project with Angular CLI, two essential testing tools are installed.They are: Jasmine and Karma. Jasmine is the testing library which structures individual tests into specifications (“specs”) and suites. And Karma is the test runner, which enables the different browsers to run the tests mentioned by Jasmine and the browsers will finally report the test results back.

Testing Pipes

An Angular Pipe is a special function that is called from a Component template. Its purpose is to transform a value: You pass a value to the Pipe, the Pipe computes a new value and returns it.

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Services with Dependencies

In an Angular application, Services are responsible for fetching, storing and processing data. Services are singletons, meaning there is only one instance of a Service during runtime. They are fit for central data storage, HTTP and WebSocket communication as well as data validation. Visit the following resources to learn more:

Component Binding

Angular processes all data bindings once for each JavaScript event cycle, from the root of the application component tree through all child components. Data binding plays an important role in communication between a template and its component, and is also important for communication between parent and child components.

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Testing Directives

Directives are classes that add new behavior or modify the existing behavior to the elements in the template. Basically directives are used to manipulate the DOM, for example adding/removing the element from DOM or changing the appearance of the DOM elements.

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Component Templates

With a component template, you can save and reuse component processes and properties and create components from them; template-based components inherit the template's properties and process.

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Level 11: Server Side Rendering

A normal Angular application executes in the browser, rendering pages in the DOM in response to user actions. Angular Universal executes on the server, generating static application pages that later get bootstrapped on the client. This means that the application generally renders more quickly, giving users a chance to view the application layout before it becomes fully interactive.

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Level 12: Static Site Generation

SSG (Static Site Generator), helps in building the HTML full website, during the process of building and serving that HTML Page. This method helps to generate the HTML website on the client side before its being served on the server side. Therefore, whenever a user requests a HTML Page, firstly the HTML page will be rendered and secondly, the angular app will be rendered. The SSG can be used only if your website is static (or) its content doesn't change frequently.

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